[CH] More Aphid Info

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<fontfamily><param>Palatino</param>Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) is
transmitted by aphids.  The symptoms of CMV

infection are extremely variable.  Plants are generally stunted, with
dull

light green foliage and a leathery appearance.  This virus is worldwide
in

distribution and has an extremely wide host range. Although control of

aphids is the key factor to minimize CMV infection, the use of
insecticides

is considered ineffective because insecticides do not act quickly
enough to

prevent transmission of the virus.  Resistant varieties, coupled with
good

weed control, healthy plant growth, protected seedling culture, and

integrated pest management of aphids, are the best approach to disease

control.  This pathogen is not internally transmitted in seeds.  

Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus (CVMV) is transmitted by aphids.  The
symptoms

of CVMV infection are variable.  Leaf mottle and dark-green vein
banding

are the most characteristic symptoms.  This virus has not been
reported

outside of Asia.  Resistant varieties, coupled with protecting young

seedlings from infection and integrated pest management of aphids, are
the

best approach to disease control.  This pathogen is not internally

transmitted in seeds.  


Tobamoviruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV), Tomato Mosaic Virus

(ToMV), and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMV) are transmitted
mechanically

(by touch).  The symptoms of Tobamoviruses include leaf mosaic, plant

stunting, and systemic chlorosis.  This virus family is worldwide in

distribution.  Resistant varieties are the best approach to disease

control.  If no resistant variety is available, use of
Tobamovirus-free

seed, coupled with dipping tools and hands in milk when handling
pepper

plants, provides the best approach to disease control.  This pathogen
is

internally transmitted in seeds.

Potato Virus Y (PVY) is transmitted by aphids.  The symptoms of PVY
are

leaf mosaic and dark green vein banding, although leaf crinkling, leaf

distortion, and plant stunting may also be observed. This virus occurs

worldwide. Resistant varieties, coupled with protecting young
seedlings

from infection and integrated pest management of aphids, are the best

approach to disease control.  This pathogen is not internally
transmitted

in seeds.  


Aphids that attack peppers include the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)
and

the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae).  The symptoms of aphid feeding

injury are leaf distortion and cupping, often followed by the growth
of

gray-black sooty mold.  However, the main damage caused by aphids is
due to

the viruses they carry, not their feeding injury.  Aphids occur
worldwide.

Resistant varieties, coupled with good weed control, crop rotation,
and

integrated pest management, are the best approach to disease control.

Piramor (pirimicarb 50DP) is probably the best chemical available to

control aphids; it is also relatively safe to natural
predators/parasites.


Thrips that attack peppers include Scirtothrips dorsalis and Thrips
palmi.

 The symptoms of thrip feeding injury are leaves that curl upwards and

fruits that are netted with streaks.  Thrips occur worldwide. 
Resistant

varieties, coupled with good weed control, crop rotation, and
integrated

pest management, are the best approach to disease control.  Decis

(deltamethrin 2.8EC), Admire/Confidor (imidacloprid 2GR or 10SL), or
Karate

(lambdacyhalothrin 2.8EC) may control thrips.  You should rotate

insecticides each time you spray.  Use of Decis or Karate may cause

increased infestation of mites. 


Mites that attack chilli peppers are usually broad mites

(Polyphagotarsonemus latus).  The symptoms of mite feeding injury are

leaves that curl downwards and fruits that develop a corky, distorted

surface.  Mites occur worldwide. Resistant varieties, coupled with
good

weed control, crop rotation, and integrated pest management, are the
best

approach to disease control.  Miticides such as Avid (abamectin 2EC),

Plictran (cyhexatrin 50WP), Kelthane (dicofol 30EC) or Omite
(propargite

57EC) may control mites.


For more information on diseases and insects that attack chilli
peppers,

see 'Pepper Diseases: A Field Guide', published by the AVRDC.


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